Performance Tuning and Trade Offs Questions

Covers practical techniques and the decision making involved in improving system and database performance. Topics include identifying bottlenecks through profiling and monitoring, the performance tuning lifecycle of measure diagnose implement and verify, and common optimizations such as indexing strategies, query restructuring, denormalization, caching layers, materialized views, and appropriate use of query hints. Also includes understanding performance related trade offs such as CPU versus memory, read versus write optimization, latency versus throughput, and complexity versus maintainability. Emphasizes prioritizing optimizations based on business impact and return on investment, cost considerations, and when to avoid premature optimization. Candidates should demonstrate how they measure improvements, validate results, and align technical changes with product and business goals.