Monitoring Logging and Observability Questions

Designing and implementing monitoring, logging, and observability for production systems. Candidates should be able to instrument applications and infrastructure to emit structured logs, application and system metrics, and distributed traces; select and integrate monitoring and log aggregation tools and libraries; design meaningful metrics and alerting logic to support on call workflows; build dashboards and queries that enable fast incident diagnosis and capacity planning; configure sampling and retention to balance diagnostic fidelity with cost; and correlate events across services and infrastructure to reconstruct incidents and support postmortem analysis. Interviewers may probe log formats, semantic logging practices, metric design and aggregation, trace propagation and context, alerting strategy and thresholds, and how observability data drives reliability improvements.