Security Architecture Principles and Fundamentals Questions

Core principles and foundational knowledge for designing secure systems and architectures. Candidates should understand defense in depth, zero trust, least privilege, separation of duties, secure by design and fail secure thinking. Topics include attack surface reduction, secure defaults, threat modeling methodologies and how to translate high level principles into concrete controls. Coverage includes access control models such as role based and attribute based approaches, authentication and authorization architectures, secrets and key management basics, classification of controls as preventive, detective, or corrective, and integration of controls across identity, network, host, application, and data layers. Expect discussion of how to prioritize security requirements, make trade offs between security, performance, cost, and usability, and incorporate security requirements into the system development lifecycle.