Systems and Graphics Optimization Techniques Questions

Covers practical optimization techniques commonly used in systems engineering and real time graphics. Topics include object pooling, level of detail systems, frustum culling, spatial partitioning structures such as quadtrees and octrees, batching and texture atlasing, reducing shader complexity and when to use shaders instead of scripted effects, GPU instancing, texture compression strategies, and memory optimization. Emphasizes trade offs between micro optimization and architectural change, profiling to find hotspots, and understanding the law of diminishing returns when applying optimization effort.

MediumTechnical

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Compare a uniform grid, quadtree, and BVH for collision detection in a large, moderately dynamic world. Discuss insert/delete complexity, average and worst-case query speeds, memory usage, and how to choose grid cell sizes or split heuristics. Give a concrete example scenario where a tuned uniform grid outperforms a quadtree.

MediumTechnical

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List CPU-GPU synchronization operations and primitives that commonly cause stalls (for example synchronous readbacks, `glFinish`/`vkQueueWaitIdle`, mapping buffers that are still in use by GPU) and propose techniques to reduce stalls such as double-buffering, persistent mapping, fences, and per-frame resource indexing.

HardTechnical

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You must render a scene with 10 million triangles at 60 FPS on a mid-range GPU. Describe a multi-level optimization plan spanning coarse culling, occlusion culling, LOD generation/selection, batching and instancing, material/shader simplification, and GPU memory management. For each optimization, explain approximate expected benefit, implementation complexity, and where to measure improvements.

EasyTechnical

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Explain the difference between sampling profilers and instrumentation profilers for CPU and GPU. Give practical examples of tools you would use on Linux, Windows, and consoles, and describe when to use sampling versus instrumentation to find hotspots in rendering or backend code.

HardSystem Design

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Design a multi-region content distribution strategy for real-time game assets with per-region pricing constraints and support for versioned assets and rollbacks without downtime. Explain how to route clients to appropriate regions, stage deployments across regions, maintain asset metadata consistency, and ensure rapid rollback with minimal user disruption.

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