Infrastructure Implementation and Operations Questions

Hands on design, deployment, and operational management of infrastructure components and services. This includes setting up and configuring load balancers, database replication and high availability, caching layers, networking and network security, service discovery and routing, container deployment and orchestration, monitoring and observability, logging and alerting, backup and disaster recovery strategies, and secrets management in runtime. Candidates should be able to walk through concrete implementations, explain trade offs, demonstrate troubleshooting and performance tuning, and show how infrastructure components integrate to meet availability, scalability, and security requirements.

MediumSystem Design

74 practiced

You're evaluating a multi-cloud deployment across AWS and GCP for regulatory and vendor resilience reasons. Describe the high-level components you would implement (networking, identity, CI/CD), how you would handle cross-cloud service discovery and data replication constraints, the impact of cross-cloud network egress costs, and operational complexity trade-offs.

HardSystem Design

39 practiced

Design an observability strategy focused on p99 tail latency and customer-impacting tail events. Discuss tracing sampling strategies including adaptive sampling, how to instrument histograms for latency, log retention trade-offs, correlating traces/logs/metrics for root cause analysis, and an alerting strategy that surfaces true customer-impact events without creating noise.

HardSystem Design

50 practiced

Design an encryption strategy that covers encryption-at-rest and encryption-in-transit for sensitive customer data stored across services. Describe envelope encryption patterns, KMS key hierarchy, HSM usage for master keys, key rotation policies, access controls for keys, and how to safely recover or revoke keys during incidents.

MediumTechnical

41 practiced

Where would you terminate TLS for a public web service: at the CDN, load balancer, or application? Discuss security, performance, observability, certificate management, and the case for end-to-end TLS including TLS re-encryption to backend services.

EasyTechnical

60 practiced

Compare containers (for example Docker) and virtual machines. For a microservices application expected to scale to thousands of instances, what operational and performance advantages do containers provide? Discuss startup time, resource isolation, orchestration integration, and implications for CI/CD and developer workflows.

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