Authorization and Identity Systems Questions

Design, implementation, and operation of identity and authorization systems that control who can access which resources and actions across products and services. Areas include customer identity management and identity lifecycle, authentication and token management using JSON Web Tokens and OAuth flows, session and token refresh and revocation strategies, API key lifecycle and rotation, role based access control and attribute based access control models, policy evaluation engines and permissions data modeling, placement of enforcement points across gateway, service, and data layers, caching of authorization decisions and cache invalidation strategies, preventing privilege escalation and secure default permissions, threat modeling and secure storage of secrets, logging and auditing for compliance, rate limiting tied to identity, testing strategies for authorization, and operational practices such as monitoring, alerting, capacity planning, graceful degradation, incident response, and recovery for authorization services. Candidates without direct IAM experience should explain how core backend system skills translate to this domain.