Testing Debugging and Instrumentation Questions

Testing strategies and observability practices for software and hardware systems, including embedded contexts. Topics include unit testing, integration testing, hardware in the loop testing, test harnesses, test automation, and trade offs when testing resource constrained systems. Instrumentation covers logging design, metrics, tracing, telemetry, and debug interfaces that make systems observable in development and production. Debugging techniques include use of debuggers, serial logging, signal capture, oscilloscope traces, remote debugging, and structured troubleshooting workflows. Discuss design decisions that balance visibility against performance and safety requirements, how to make systems testable and instrumented from the start, and how to interpret instrumentation to localize faults and validate fixes.