Sensor Integration and Data Acquisition Questions

Designing and implementing reliable sensor interfaces and data acquisition pipelines for embedded systems. Topics include selecting sensors and front end components based on accuracy, range, noise, sampling rate, and power; interfacing sensors using serial peripheral interface, inter integrated circuit, or analog inputs; understanding analog to digital converter characteristics such as resolution, sampling rate, reference voltage, input impedance, and quantization noise. Covers sampling strategies including periodic sampling, event driven sampling, and duty cycling; anti aliasing and sample rate selection; hardware and digital filtering techniques including moving average, finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters; calibration methods for offset, scale, and temperature compensation; driver and firmware design patterns including interrupt driven and direct memory access based acquisition, buffering strategies such as ring buffers and queues, timestamping, and handling backpressure. Also includes trade offs among latency, power, memory, and accuracy, and approaches for validating sensor data and handling degraded sensor conditions.