Hardware and Software Integration Questions

Design and implementation patterns for mapping software to physical hardware capabilities. Topics include microcontroller and system on chip capabilities, memory and peripheral access models, register and memory mapped I O, general purpose input output, sensor and actuator interfacing, serial and parallel peripheral protocols, direct memory access, timing constraints, interrupt versus polling trade offs, device driver design, hardware abstraction layers, power and thermal considerations, and how to make software choices that respect hardware limits while meeting latency and reliability requirements.