Embedded Coding Patterns Questions

Common coding patterns and idioms that are useful in resource constrained firmware. Topics include finite state machine design, event loop and run to completion models, interrupt driven versus polling architectures, timer and debounce handling, buffering strategies such as ring buffers and double buffering, and producer consumer queues. Discuss memory allocation strategies such as static allocation and memory pooling, techniques to avoid fragmentation, and defensive coding practices for interrupt safety and atomicity. Cover trade offs for code size, determinism, and testability, and techniques for testing and simulating hardware behavior.