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Incident Management and Response Questions

Covers operational handling of production outages and service incidents across the full lifecycle from preparation through detection, triage, containment, mitigation, recovery, and post incident review. Interviewers assess monitoring and observability signals, alerting thresholds and on call rotation, severity classification and escalation paths, incident command and coordination, runbooks and playbooks, immediate containment and mitigation techniques to minimize customer impact, restoration and recovery procedures, and evidence capture when relevant. Candidates should be able to describe root cause analysis practices, blameless post incident reviews, tracking remediation and follow up actions, driving cross functional ownership of fixes, and how incident learnings feed into long term reliability improvements and tooling or automation. Senior level expectations include organizing incident response teams for production reliability, defining severity levels and escalation policies, balancing rapid decisions with risk management, and continuously improving processes, runbooks, and instrumentation.

HardTechnical
0 practiced
After an emergency multi-region failover, a streaming pipeline is emitting duplicate messages to downstream systems. Design an investigation plan to determine whether duplicates are caused by producer retries, cross-region replication semantics, or consumer reprocessing, and propose concrete remediation steps to restore correctness while avoiding data loss.
HardTechnical
0 practiced
Implement a Python class BackfillEngine that accepts a list of partitions and a process_partition(partition) callback. The engine must persist checkpoints to a storage interface so it can resume after failure, and guarantee idempotent behavior so re-running does not produce duplicate writes. Sketch the class API, important implementation details for atomic checkpoints, and how to adapt it to run distributed workers safely.
EasyTechnical
0 practiced
After restoring a dataset from backup, what verification steps would you run to ensure integrity and completeness before allowing downstream consumption? Include checks like checksums, row counts per partition, sample queries comparing business KPIs, and lineage verification steps.
HardSystem Design
0 practiced
Design a disaster recovery (DR) strategy for critical data pipelines that defines RTO and RPO targets, backup and replication mechanisms (cross-region), failover steps, runbook requirements, and a failover testing cadence. Quantify cost vs RTO/RPO trade-offs and propose monitoring to detect region-wide degradations that should trigger DR procedures.
MediumTechnical
0 practiced
Implement a Python generator dedupe_alerts(stream) that accepts a stream of alert events (each with timestamp, metric, tags, value) and yields only unique alerts within a 5-minute sliding window based on a fingerprint of metric+sorted tags. Ensure memory remains bounded and explain how you evict old entries.

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