Consistency Models and Transactions Questions

Comprehensive knowledge of data consistency models and transactional guarantees in databases and distributed systems. This includes understanding transaction properties such as Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability (ACID) and alternative design philosophies such as Basically Available, Soft state, Eventually consistent (BASE). Candidates should be able to choose appropriate isolation levels including read uncommitted, read committed, repeatable read, serializable, and snapshot isolation and explain performance versus correctness tradeoffs and common anomalies such as dirty reads, non repeatable reads, phantom reads, lost updates, and write skew. Understand consistency models including strong consistency, strict serializability, serializability, snapshot isolation, causal consistency, eventual consistency, monotonic reads, and read your writes, and when each model is acceptable based on latency, availability, and business correctness requirements. Discuss replication strategies and their impact on guarantees, including synchronous versus asynchronous replication, multi region replication, replication lag, and replica divergence. Evaluate distributed transaction and coordination approaches such as two phase commit and consensus based protocols and weigh their performance and failure modes. Propose conflict detection and resolution strategies such as last write wins, version vectors and vector clocks, conflict free replicated data types, application level reconciliation, idempotent operations, retries, and saga or compensation patterns for long running workflows. Consider practical engineering concerns including consistency service level objectives, monitoring and alerting for staleness and replication lag, testing strategies for consistency, implications for caching and sharding, and the tradeoffs between developer complexity and user facing correctness.