Data Engineering & Analytics Infrastructure Topics
Data pipeline design, ETL/ELT processes, streaming architectures, data warehousing infrastructure, analytics platform design, and real-time data processing. Covers event-driven systems, batch and streaming trade-offs, data quality and governance at scale, schema design for analytics, and infrastructure for big data processing. Distinct from Data Science & Analytics (which focuses on statistical analysis and insights) and from Cloud & Infrastructure (platform-focused rather than data-flow focused).
Data Architecture and Pipelines
Designing data storage, integration, and processing architectures. Topics include relational and NoSQL database design, indexing and query optimization, replication and sharding strategies, data warehousing and dimensional modeling, ETL and ELT patterns, batch and streaming ingestion, processing frameworks, feature stores, archival and retention strategies, and trade offs for scale and latency in large data systems.
Lyft-Specific Data Modeling & Analytics Requirements
Lyft-specific data modeling and analytics requirements for data platforms, including ride event data, trip-level schemas, driver and rider dimensions, pricing and surge data, geospatial/location data, and analytics needs such as reporting, dashboards, and real-time analytics. Covers analytic schema design (star/snowflake), ETL/ELT patterns, data quality and governance at scale, data lineage, privacy considerations, and integration with the broader data stack (data lake/warehouse, streaming pipelines).
Metric Definition and Implementation
End to end topic covering the precise definition, computation, transformation, implementation, validation, documentation, and monitoring of business metrics. Candidates should demonstrate how to translate business requirements into reproducible metric definitions and formulas, choose aggregation methods and time windows, set filtering and deduplication rules, convert event level data to user level metrics, and compute cohorts, retention, attribution, and incremental impact. The work includes data transformation skills such as normalizing and formatting date and identifier fields, handling null values and edge cases, creating calculated fields and measures, combining and grouping tables at appropriate levels, and choosing between percentages and absolute numbers. Implementation details include writing reliable structured query language code or scripts, selecting instrumentation and data sources, considering aggregation strategy, sampling and margin of error, and ensuring pipelines produce reproducible results. Validation and quality practices include spot checks, comparison to known totals, automated tests, monitoring and alerting, naming conventions and versioning, and clear documentation so all calculations are auditable and maintainable.
Data Validation and Anomaly Detection
Techniques for validating data quality and detecting anomalies using SQL: identifying nulls and missing values, finding duplicates and orphan records, range checks, sanity checks across aggregates, distribution checks, outlier detection heuristics, reconciliation queries across systems, and building SQL based alerts and integrity checks. Includes strategies for writing repeatable validation queries, comparing row counts and sums across pipelines, and documenting assumptions for investigative analysis.
Cloud Data Warehouse Architecture
Understand modern cloud data platforms: Snowflake, BigQuery, Redshift, Azure Synapse. Know their architecture, scalability models, performance characteristics, and cost optimization strategies. Discuss separation of compute and storage, time travel, and zero-copy cloning.
Stream Processing and Event Streaming
Designing and operating systems that ingest, process, and serve continuous event streams with low latency and high throughput. Core areas include architecture patterns for stream native and event driven systems, trade offs between batch and streaming models, and event sourcing concepts. Candidates should demonstrate knowledge of messaging and ingestion layers, message brokers and commit log systems, partitioning and consumer group patterns, partition key selection, ordering guarantees, retention and compaction strategies, and deduplication techniques. Processing concerns include stream processing engines, state stores, stateful processing, checkpointing and fault recovery, processing guarantees such as at least once and exactly once semantics, idempotence, and time semantics including event time versus processing time, watermarks, windowing strategies, late and out of order event handling, and stream to stream and stream to table joins and aggregations over windows. Performance and operational topics cover partitioning and scaling strategies, backpressure and flow control, latency versus throughput trade offs, resource isolation, monitoring and alerting, testing strategies for streaming pipelines, schema evolution and compatibility, idempotent sinks, persistent storage choices for state and checkpoints, and operational metrics such as stream lag. Familiarity with concrete technologies and frameworks is expected when discussing designs and trade offs, for example Apache Kafka, Kafka Streams, Apache Flink, Spark Structured Streaming, Amazon Kinesis, and common serialization formats such as Avro, Protocol Buffers, and JSON.
Data Lake and Warehouse Architecture
Designing scalable data platforms for analytical and reporting workloads including data lakes, data warehouses, and lakehouse architectures. Key topics include storage formats and layout including columnar file formats such as Parquet and table formats such as Iceberg and Delta Lake, partitioning and compaction strategies, metadata management and cataloging, schema evolution and transactional guarantees for analytical data, and cost and performance trade offs. Cover ingestion patterns for batch and streaming data including change data capture, data transformation approaches and compute engines for analytical queries, partition pruning and predicate pushdown, query optimization and materialized views, data modeling for analytical workloads, retention and tiering, security and access control, data governance and lineage, and integration with business intelligence and real time analytics. Also discuss operational concerns such as monitoring, vacuuming and compaction jobs, metadata scaling, and strategies for minimizing query latency while controlling storage cost.
Business Intelligence and Reporting Infrastructure
Building and operating reporting and business intelligence infrastructure that supports dashboards, automated reporting, and ad hoc analysis. Candidates should discuss data pipelines and extract transform load processes, data warehousing and schema choices, streaming versus batch reporting, latency and freshness trade offs for real time reporting, dashboard design for different audiences such as individual contributors managers and executives, visualization best practices, data validation and quality assurance, monitoring and alerting for reporting reliability, and governance concerns including access controls and privacy when exposing data.
Analytics Architecture and Reporting
Designing and operating end to end analytics and reporting platforms that translate business requirements into reliable and actionable insights. This includes defining metrics and key performance indicators for different audiences, instrumentation and event design for accurate measurement, data ingestion and transformation pipelines, and data warehouse and storage architecture choices. Candidates should be able to discuss data modeling for analytics including semantic layers and data marts, approaches to ensure metric consistency across tools such as a single source of truth or metric registry, and trade offs between query performance and freshness including batch versus streaming approaches. The topic also covers dashboard architecture and visualization best practices, precomputation and aggregation strategies for performance, self service analytics enablement and adoption, support for ad hoc analysis and real time reporting, plus access controls, data governance, monitoring, data quality controls, and operational practices for scaling, maintainability, and incident detection and resolution. Interviewers will probe end to end implementations, how monitoring and quality controls were applied, and how stakeholder needs were balanced with platform constraints.