Security and Compliance in Backend Systems Questions

Design and operate backend systems with security and regulatory compliance in mind. Topics include authentication methods and token management, authorization models such as role based and attribute based access control, secrets and key management, encryption in transit and at rest, secure API design and input sanitization, audit logging and tamper evidence, vulnerability management and dependency hygiene, compliance considerations for standards such as the Payment Card Industry data security standard, General Data Protection Regulation, or health data rules, data retention and minimization strategies, incident response and forensic logging, and operational controls such as rate limiting and anomaly detection.